1) Anthropocene
The Anthropocene is the current, informal geologic time period that began when humans started having a "significant" impact on Earth and its processes. Some scientists believe this epoch began when we transitioned from a hunter-gatherer society to an agrarian one. Others believe we entered the Anthropocene at the start of the Industrial Revolution. Either way, agriculture and the innovations that followed have had a profound impact on the global ecosystem - and us.
2) Anthropogenic
An adjective meaning something was caused by human activity. The word is usually used to refer to pollutants and/or pollution.
3) Carbon
When someone says "carbon", they are usually referring to either the element itself or the carbon-containing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (usually CO2 because of its impact on our climate).
This is a good segway to the next term...
4) Carbon Neutral
When something is "carbon neutral", it means that net-zero carbon emissions is achieved by offsetting the carbon dioxide (or other greenhouse gas measured in CO2 equivalence) emitted into the atmosphere. This can be done by carbon sequestration activities (ex: planting trees) or buying carbon credits (another entity somewhere else reduced their carbon emissions and sold their carbon credit to you to subtract from your emissions).
5) Biome
Biomes are the world's major ecological communities. They encompass all species within those communities and are classified by the vegetation found in them, the spatial arrangement of which is not accidental. As the different species of plants within these communities evolved, they competed for sunlight, water, and nutrients and arranged themselves in the most optimal way to take advantage of the resources available within the biome.
6) Biosphere
Forget about geometry, the biosphere isn't actually a sphere. In fact, it isn't a particular shape at all. Rather, it is the sum of all living organisms on Earth and the organic matter produced by them. It is constantly interacting with Earth's other three major spheres - the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere - exchanging and circulating energy and matter. The biosphere also interacts constantly with the Anthrosphere, the part of the environment made or modified by humans for our activities.
7) Ozone
Ozone (O3), is a naturally occurring and secondary air pollutant that exists throughout the atmosphere. The highest concentrations are found in a layer of the stratosphere known as the ozone layer. This is "good" ozone because it protects us from the harmful effects of UV radiation and helps to limit the amount of energy reaching the Earth's surface, thus helping to regulate the climate. There are also significant quantities of ozone in urban areas (near the surface of the Earth) due to human activity. This "bad" ozone damages living tissue and other materials.
8) Plankton
Plankton are microscopic living organisms that drift around in marine and freshwater (aquatic) environments. They form the bottom of the food chain in these environments and can be divided into three main groups:
Phytoplankton (producers) - Tiny (usually a single cell) algae that take energy from the sun and CO2 from their surroundings and store that energy in simple sugars and other organic compounds. The food chain begins...
Zooplankton (consumers) - These are slightly bigger plankton that feed on the phytoplankton, and are then eaten by smaller fish. The energy begins to flow up the food chain...
Bacterioplankton (recyclers) - These tiny organisms help to cycle nutrients through the water column to support the activity and productivity of other plankton, and thus the rest of the food web.
Depending on who you ask, you may or may not get different definitions for these words. But I feel this is a good starting point.